How to Read a Scholarly Article
- Anatomy of an Article
- Key Reading Strategies
- Quick Tips for Reading Strategies
- Reading for Different Disciplines
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- Planning Resources
BEAM model (Joseph Bizup)
| ackground | Factual and noncontroversial information, providing context | Encyclopedia articles, overviews in books, statistics, historical facts; see | Introduction |
| xhibit/Evidence | Data, observations, objects, artifacts, documents that can be analyzed | Text of a novel, field observations, focus group transcriptions, questionnaire data, results of an experiment, interview data (primary sources) | Body, Results section |
| rgument | Critical views from other scholars and commentators; part of the academic conversation | Scholarly articles, books, critical reviews (e.g. literacy criticism), editorials | Body, sometimes in Introduction or in Literature Review |
| ethod (or Theory) | Reference to methods or theories used, usually explicit though may be implicit; approach or research methodology used | Part of books or articles with reference to theorists (e.g. Foucault, Derrida) or theory (e.g. feminism, post-colonialism, new historicism etc.); information on a research methodology | Methods section or referenced in Introduction or Body |
A source may serve more than one function . For instance, a journal article could include background information, exhibits, argument and method. However, some sources are focused on a single function. For example, an encyclopedia entry on “Alzheimer's disease” is likely to only serve as background information.
How to Use a Source
- BEAM: Hunter College Libraries
To view more specific questions related to the BEAM model, and where to locate that information within a scholarly article,visit See Source Functions: Background, Exhibits, Argument, Method (BEAM): Source Functions (BEAM).
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32 Literature Review Using BEAM Model
Below is a graduate level literature review from my capstone work. A literature review is summary and synthesis of sources that is most effective when thematically organized . Note that this is about 5000 words (counting title and reference page), and that your own literature review might be more or less depending on what level of education you are at; and the disciplinary audience you are writing to.
This literature review sample is meant to demonstrate the BEAM ( background, exhibit, argument, method ) model and my reasoning in using the sources to build and argue my position(s). The track marking gives explanation to why I used each source the way I did.
Take notice as you read through the draft and track marking, how I integrate multiple sources in a paragraph or section to demonstrate or BEAM my position. I have highlighted the citations for both the direct quotes and paraphrasing to show the use of signal phrasing and in-text citation format and; underlined paraphrasing and bolded direct quotes.
Literature Review Using BEAM
Writing That Works Copyright © 2021 by The Writing Center at The University of Baltimore is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License , except where otherwise noted.
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- Research Guides
Designing Research Assignments
- The BEAM Method
- Rethinking Requirements
- Scaffolding
- Threshold Concepts
What is BEAM?
BEAM is a framework for discussing the usefulness of different types resources. Developed by Joseph Bizup as a more functional alternative to the traditional primary/secondary classification, BEAM stands for Background, Exhibit, Argument, and Method.
Bizup describes the need for BEAM this way: "If we want students to adopt a rhetorical perspective toward research-based writing, then we should use language that focuses their attention not on what their sources and other materials are (either by virtue of their genres or relative to some extratextual point of reference) but on what they as writers might do with them. We should adopt terms that allow us to name, describe, and analyze the different ways writers use their materials on the page or, equivalently, the various postures toward their materials that writers adopt" (75).
Background Sources - Materials that provide an overview of a topic, such as core concepts and facts
- Used for information that is well established in the field
- Example: The existence of natural selection is a given in biology, so Darwin's On the Origin of Species does not need to be cited to prove it
Exhibit Sources - Materials a writer is interpreting or analyzing
- Used to provide an example of or give evidence for a claim
- Example: If you are researching depictions of working women on TV, an episode of 30 Rock could be an exhibit. If you are researching changes in employment in the United States, a data set from the Bureau of Labor Statistics might be your exhibit
Argument Sources - Information from other authors you are agreeing with, disagreeing with, or building upon
- Used to make claims related to your thesis statement and the argument you're making
- Citing them puts your research in the context of other scholarship on that topic; it brings you into the conversation
- Constitutes the literature review section in many disciplines
- Note: You use your exhibit sources as examples of why you agree with, disagree with, or want to add more to what was claimed in your argument sources
Method Sources - Materials an author follows to determine how they are doing their research
- Used to determine a governing concept or manner of working
- Can include research procedures, theories, and sources of discipline-specific vocabulary
- Example: Scholar who studies game theory in economics may presume their audience is familiar with the prisoner's dilemma, while a scholar in critical literacy studies may not define "reification"
The BEAM method provides an avenue for instructors to discuss how to find, evaluate and use different types of information in an academic setting. Then, instead of requiring students to cite "three scholarly articles," for example, consider stipulating that they use one (or more) sources in each of the BEAM categories. (Note: Method is sometimes left off, especially in lower-division settings.) In addition, couple this approach with an expectation that all sources be evaluated using the CRAAP Test to ensure credibility.
Bizup, Joseph. " BEAM: A Rhetorical Vocabulary for Teaching Research-Based Writing ." Rhetoric Review, vol. 27, no. 1, 2008, 72-86.
Excerpted from Evaluating Sources . Beeghly Library, Heidelberg University, http://libguides.heidelberg.edu/eval/beam.
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Evaluating Sources
- Evidence and organization
- Reputation / Scholarship
- ACT UP Model
Using Your Sources
What am I going to do with my sources? BEAM asks you to consider the function of the source.
Credit: Portland State University Library Run Time: 3:25
BEAM Model (Joseph Bizup)
| Source Function | Explanation | Examples of Types of Sources | Where you might use it in your paper |
|---|---|---|---|
| B: Background | Factual and noncontroversial information, providing context | Encyclopedia articles, overviews in books, statistics, historical facts | Introduction |
| E: Exhibit/ Evidence | Data, observations, objects, artifacts, documents that can be analyzed | Text of a novel, field observations, focus group transcriptions, questionnaire data, results of an experiment, interview data (primary sources) | Body/Results |
| A: Argument | Critical views from other scholars and commentators; part of the academic conversation | Scholarly articles, books, critical reviews (e.g. literacy criticism), editorials | Body, sometimes in Introduction or in Literature Review |
| M: Method | Reference to methods or theories used, usually explicit though may be implicit; approach or research methodology used | Part of books or articles with reference to theorists (e.g. Foucault, Derrida) or theory (e.g. feminism, post-colonialism, new historicism etc.); information on a research methodology | Methods or referenced in Introduction or Body |
A source may serve more than one function. For instance, a journal article could provide you with background information, exhibits, argument, and method. However, some sources are focused on a single function. For example, an encyclopedia entry is likely to only serve as background information.
Citation: Bizup, Joseph. “ BEAM: A Rhetorical Vocabulary for Teaching Research-Based Writing. ” Rhetoric Review 27.1 (2008): 72-86.
Credit: This page adapted from " Source Functions: Background, Exhibits, Argument, Method (BEAM) " from the University of California Merced Library.
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An enhanced beam-theory model of the mixed-mode bending (MMB) test—Part I: Literature review and mechanical model
- Published: 08 January 2013
- Volume 48 , pages 443–462, ( 2013 )
Cite this article
- Stefano Bennati 1 ,
- Paolo Fisicaro 1 &
- Paolo S. Valvo 1
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An Erratum to this article was published on 17 January 2013
The paper presents a mechanical model of the mixed-mode bending (MMB) test used to assess the mixed-mode interlaminar fracture toughness of composite laminates. The laminated specimen is considered as an assemblage of two sublaminates partly connected by an elastic–brittle interface. The problem is formulated through a set of 36 differential equations, accompanied by suitable boundary conditions. Solution of the problem is achieved by separately considering the two subproblems related to the symmetric and antisymmetric parts of the loads, which for symmetric specimens correspond to fracture modes I and II, respectively. Explicit expressions are determined for the interfacial stresses, internal forces, and displacements.
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Acknowledgements
The financial support of the Italian Ministry of Education, University and Research (MIUR) under programme PRIN 2008 “Light structures based on multiscale material in civil engineering: stiffness and strength, assembly and industrial repeatability” (Prot. N. 20089RJKYN_002) is gratefully acknowledged.
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Appendix A: Boundary conditions for the overall problem
The boundary conditions for the overall problem are obtained by considering the static and kinematic conditions of the specimen at sections A , O , B , and C .
At section A ( s = s A =− a ) the upper sublaminate is subjected to the upward load, P u , while the lower sublaminate is constrained by a fixed hinge:
At section O ( s =0) the internal forces and displacements are continuous:
At section B ( s = s B = d − a ) the internal forces and displacements are continuous, except for the introduction of the downward load, P d , in the upper sublaminate:
At section C ( s = s C = L − a ) the upper sublaminate is load-free, while the lower sublaminate is simply supported:
Appendix B: Displacement integration constants
By expressing the kinematic boundary conditions contained in Eqs. ( A.1 )–( A.4 ) in terms of the displacements ( 56 )–( 58 ), we obtain 15 linear equations. Three further conditions are obtained by substituting Eqs. ( 57 ) and ( 58 ) into Eqs. ( 7 ) and making the resulting expressions equal to Eqs. ( 30 ) and ( 47 ). After some simplifications, omitted here for brevity, a set of 18 linear equations is composed, whose solution leads to the following expressions for the displacement integration constants:
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Bennati, S., Fisicaro, P. & Valvo, P.S. An enhanced beam-theory model of the mixed-mode bending (MMB) test—Part I: Literature review and mechanical model. Meccanica 48 , 443–462 (2013). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-012-9686-3
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Received : 25 January 2012
Accepted : 17 December 2012
Published : 08 January 2013
Issue Date : March 2013
DOI : https://doi.org/10.1007/s11012-012-9686-3
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This paper reviews Timoshenko beam theory from the point of view of wave mechanics. Vibration of beam structures can be studied in terms of either normal modes or propagating waves. ... readers may refer to relevant books and review papers in the literature, e.g., [11], [12], [13]. Timoshenko beam theory has been intensively studied from the ...
A thorough review of the wave methods is beyond the scope of the present paper; readers may refer to relevant books and review papers in the literature, e.g., [11], [12], [13]. Timoshenko beam theory has been intensively studied from the point of view of the mode approach.
theoretical model for the vibration of a beam with a primary point source, an angle stiffener. and a control actuator. The effective control signal is a combination of the effects of the point. force at the base of the actuator, and the reaction force and moment at the base of the. stiffener.
6.2 Literature review The simplest beam theory is the classical theory known as Bernoulli-Euler theory. Under this theory, for a beam with its centroidal axis along the x-axis, of cross sectional area, A, second moment of area (about the y-axis), I, and Young's modulus, E, under the action. CHAPTER 6.
EULER-BERNOULLI BEAM THEORY. Undeformed Beam. Euler-Bernoulli . Beam Theory (EBT) is based on the assumptions of (1)straightness, (2)inextensibility, and (3)normality JN Reddy z, x x z dw dx − dw dx − w u Deformed Beam. qx() fx() Strains, displacements, and rotations are small 90
transverse shearing beam variable and short-wavelength phenomena can be included in the model. A significant literature review is beyond the scope of this paper. However, recent research has resulted in significant advances in this field; see the extensive literature reviews in Refs. 4-7.
Timoshenko [22] developed a new beam theory which was considered as a refinement of the classical beam theory. This theory introduced first-order shear effects as well as effect of rotational inertia in the kinetic energy. Therefore, this theory is also known as the first order shear deformation theory or Timoshenko beam theory (TBT).
This article presents a literature review of existing research on the strong column-weak beam design philosophy, which has been widely adopted in the seismic design of frame structures. ... ADINA Theory and Modeling Guide (Version 8.3). Watertown, MA: ADINA R&D, Inc.
We will present a quick overview of the most interesting works on dynamics aspects in nonlinear beam theory [43-52]. We will see different effects that arise in beam theory due to the dynamic analysis. For example, flexible beams become stiffer if subjected to high-speed rotations.
Furthermore, it describes a unique beam-based approach to handling joint structures consisting of thin-walled beams, compiled here for the first time. This higher-order beam theory (HoBT), developed by the authors over the past two decades, uses more than six degrees of freedom (DOFs) in contrast to the classical theories, which use only six DOFs.
Euler-Bernoulli Beam Theory: First-Order Analysis, Second-Order Analysis, Stability, and Vibration Analysis Using the Finite Difference Method September 2021 DOI: 10.20944/preprints202102.0559.v3
Body, sometimes in Introduction or in Literature Review. M ethod (or Theory) Reference to methods or theories used, usually explicit though may be implicit; approach or research methodology used. Part of books or articles with reference to theorists (e.g. Foucault, Derrida) or theory (e.g. feminism, post-colonialism, new historicism etc ...
Literature Review 1. H H Yoo and S H Shin [4] Vibration analysis of a rotating cantilever beam is an important and peculiar subject of study in mechanical engineering. There are many engineering examples which can be ... Timoshenko beam theory is more accurate than Euler Bernoulli beam theory. Therefore, considerable
32. Literature Review Using BEAM Model. Below is a graduate level literature review from my capstone work. A literature review is summary and synthesis of sources that is most effective when thematically organized. Note that this is about 5000 words (counting title and reference page), and that your own literature review might be more or less ...
The literature is reviewed while focusing on various aspects of research. We will first review the various beam theories that are being used in research in recent years. These include thin (or classical), thick (or shear deformation), and layerwise beam theories. ... The classical beam theory ...
BEAM is a framework for discussing the usefulness of different types resources. Developed by Joseph Bizup as a more functional alternative to the traditional primary/secondary classification, BEAM stands for Background, Exhibit, Argument, and Method. Bizup describes the need for BEAM this way: "If we want students to adopt a rhetorical ...
Kumar [36] presented a comprehensive literature review on the application of the Ritz method to analyze vibration, static and buckling characteristics of beams [37][38][39], shells and plates ...
BEAM stands for: Background, Exhibit, Argument, Method. Background: using a source to provide general information to explain the topic. For example, the use of a Wikipedia page on the Pledge of Allegiance to explain the relevant court cases and changes the Pledge has undergone. Exhibit: using a source as evidence or examples to analyze.
BEAM Model (Joseph Bizup) A source may serve more than one function. For instance, a journal article could provide you with background information, exhibits, argument, and method. However, some sources are focused on a single function. For example, an encyclopedia entry is likely to only serve as background information.
In deep beams, the theory of simple bending principles does not apply and does not follow the conventional beam theory, and is designed in accordance with non-linear stress distribution in depth of the structural member. A complete literature review focusing on shear strength of deep beams was conducted.
The paper presents a mechanical model of the mixed-mode bending (MMB) test used to assess the mixed-mode interlaminar fracture toughness of composite laminates. The laminated specimen is considered as an assemblage of two sublaminates partly connected by an elastic-brittle interface. The problem is formulated through a set of 36 differential equations, accompanied by suitable boundary ...
capacity depending on the beam theory and a suitable depth for shear capacity. Lately , t he S trut & T ie model (STM) has been used for the pile cap s design (D -region or disturbed) in which the
Literature reviews establish the foundation of academic inquires. However, in the planning field, we lack rigorous systematic reviews. In this article, through a systematic search on the methodology of literature review, we categorize a typology of literature reviews, discuss steps in conducting a systematic literature review, and provide suggestions on how to enhance rigor in literature ...